Raising Capital for AI Aluminum, Copper & Non-Ferrous Metals Decarbonization Startups: which investors are active in the space.
AI aluminum, copper & non-ferrous metals decarbonization in 2026 splits across (a) primary-aluminum + inert-anode + green-alumina + low-carbon-smelting (Rio Tinto $RIO Rio Tinto Aluminium+ Elysis Inert-Anode-JV Alcoa+Rio-2018 Government-of-Canada+Government-of-Quebec+Apple $558M+ Elysis-Alma Quebec-first-industrial-scale 450kA-2024+ Elysis-AP60 Arvida+ Rio Tinto-Kitimat BC Kitimat Modernization Project $6B+ Rio Tinto-Alma+Grande-Baie+Laterrière+Arvida Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean+ Rio Tinto-Weipa QLD bauxite+Gove NT bauxite-2013+Amrun 2019+ Rio Tinto-Yarwun+QAL Queensland Alumina Rio Tinto-Rusal+ Rio Tinto-ISAL Iceland+ Rio Tinto-Sohar Oman+ Rio Tinto-Dunkerque France+ Rio Tinto-Anglesey Wales-2013-closed cautionary+ Rio Tinto-Tiwai Point NZ 2024 20-year-Meridian+Contact-Energy renewable PPA+ Rio Tinto-BHP-Resolution AZ+ Rio Tinto-Simandou West Africa Guinea 2024-2025-first-production largest-untapped-iron-ore+ Rio Tinto-Arcadium Lithium 2024 $6.7B, Alcoa $AA Alcoa Corporation+ Alcoa-Alumar Brazil+ Alcoa-Deschambault Quebec+ Alcoa-Fjardaal Iceland+ Alcoa-Pinjarra+Wagerup+Kwinana WA-Kwinana-2024 curtailed cautionary+ Alcoa-San Ciprián Spain 2024-restart+ Alcoa-Warrick Indiana+ Alcoa-Massena NY+ Alcoa-Elysis JV+ Alcoa-Alumina Limited-2024-$2.2B all-stock buyout Ma'aden Saudi-partner+ Alcoa-Astoria Oregon-2024-closed+ Alcoa-Australian tax dispute 2020-2024+ Alcoa-Ma'aden Saudi Arabia-2011-JV, Norsk Hydro $NHY.OL Norsk Hydro ASA+ Hydro Reduxa 4.0-3.0 low-carbon-brand+Hydro Circal 100% post-consumer-scrap+ Hydro-Hydro Extrusions+Hydro Aluminium Metal+Hydro Rolling+Hydro Bauxite Alumina+Hydro Energy+Hydro Recycling+ Hydro-Sunndal+Karmøy+Sunndalsøra+Husnes+Høyanger+Årdal Norway hydro-powered largest-world-per-tonne CO2 lowest+ Hydro-Alunorte Brazil largest-alumina refinery+ Hydro-Paragominas bauxite+ Hydro-Qatalum Qatar-JV+ Hydro-Slovalco Slovakia-2022-closed cautionary+ Hydro-Neuss Germany rolling+ Hydro-Hydro REIN renewable-partnership+ Hydro-Karmøy Technology Pilot HalZero-2023-hydrogen-chloride first-inert-anode Elysis-competitor 2030-industrial+ Hydro-Aker Horizons wind-partnership+ Hydro-Corvus Energy 2019+ Hydro-Vianode battery-anode-graphite 2024, Emirates Global Aluminium EGA Dubai Al Taweelah Abu Dhabi Jebel Ali largest-Middle-East single-site-world+ EGA-Guinea Alumina Corporation GAC bauxite+ EGA-Spectra low-carbon-brand+ EGA-Guinea Alumina Corporation Boké+ EGA-Al Taweelah alumina-refinery largest-outside-China+ EGA-CelestiAL solar-2021-first-solar-powered-aluminum world+ EGA-Adani JV India-Odisha alumina refinery 2024-partnership+ EGA-Coober Pedy Australia bauxite+ EGA-Reduction lines DX+DX+ Technology+ EGA-IPO postponed 2024-2025 cautionary, Rusal $486.HK En+ Group $ENPL Deripaska OFAC-sanctioned+ Rusal Bratsk+Krasnoyarsk+Sayanogorsk+Novokuznetsk Siberia-hydro-powered+ Rusal-Alumina Limited-25%+ Rusal-Aughinish Alumina Ireland+ Rusal-Bogoslovsk+Kandalaksha+Nadvoitsy+Volgograd+Volkhov+Uralsky Russia+ Rusal-Boguchansk hydro+ Rusal-Ust-Ilimsk+ Rusal-CBK Guinea bauxite+ Rusal-Kubal Sweden+ Rusal-ALLOW low-carbon-brand+ Rusal-OFAC sanctions April-2018-lifted-2019+ Rusal-BritishColumbia LME-Ban-2022-2023 cautionary+ Rusal-Australia-Alumina Refinery Restriction March-2022 Queensland Alumina+ Rusal-Aluminium Ban-January 2024-LME UK-US-EU-Ban cautionary+ Rusal-China-2024 East-shift+CATL+CNGR+Zijin+Chalco-partnerships, Chalco Aluminum Corporation of China $ACH+601600.SS+ Chalco-Aluminium Corporation of China Chinalco+ Chalco-Yunnan Aluminium hydro-powered+ Chalco-Guangxi+Guizhou+Shanxi+Shandong+Xinjiang+Henan+ Chalco-Chinalco Rio Tinto Simandou Guinea+ Chalco-Perú Chinalco+Toromocho+ Chalco-Iron Peak+ Chalco-Peruvian Chinalco-2017+ Chalco-Yunnan Province hydro-power shift 2024-2025+ Chalco-Renewable-share-target 2030, Hongqiao China Hongqiao Group $1378.HK Shandong largest-primary-aluminum-producer world 6M+tonnes+ Hongqiao-Yunnan hydro-relocation 2024+ Hongqiao-Weiqiao Pioneering-Aluminum+ Hongqiao-Indonesia SEA-project 2024+ Hongqiao-Guinea-CBK bauxite, Century Aluminum $CENX Hawesville KY 2022-closed-idled cautionary+ Sebree KY+Mt Holly SC+ Century Aluminum-Grundartangi Iceland+Nordural+ Century Aluminum-Kentucky-restart-DOE-$500M CHIPS Act adjacent-2024 first-new-US-smelter-45-years cautionary+ Century Aluminum-Vlissingen Netherlands-2023-restart+ Century Aluminum-Glencore-supply-agreement+ Century Aluminum-Berkeley SC-Coastal Federal Credit Union, South32 $S32.AX South32 Limited-BHP-spin-2015+ South32-Worsley Alumina WA+ South32-Hillside Aluminium South Africa Mozal Mozambique-2022-scaled-back cautionary+ South32-Cerro Matoso nickel Colombia+ South32-Cannington silver-lead-zinc Queensland+ South32-Illawarra Coal NSW-2024-Whitehaven $1.65B divested+ South32-Sierra Gorda copper Chile SCM Minera Cordillera+ South32-Ambler Metals Alaska partnership-Trilogy Metals+ South32-Taylor zinc-lead-silver AZ+ South32-Metallurgical Coal Manganese, Vedanta $VEDL Vedanta Limited-Anil Agarwal+ Vedanta-BALCO Bharat Aluminium Company Korba+ Vedanta-Jharsuguda largest-single-location-India+ Vedanta-Lanjigarh alumina refinery Odisha+ Vedanta-Konkola Copper Mines Zambia-2024-liquidation-lifted cautionary+ Vedanta-Cairn Oil & Gas+ Vedanta-Hindustan Zinc HZL+ Vedanta-Sesa Goa iron ore+ Vedanta-demerger 2024-6-entities-approved+ Vedanta-Vedanta Resources plc DELISTED London 2018+ Vedanta-Foxconn semiconductor Dholera-2023-cancelled cautionary, Hindalco-Novelis $HINDALCO.NS $NVL Aditya Birla Group+ Hindalco Muri+Belgaum+Renukoot+Renusagar+Hirakud+Belur+ Hindalco-Utkal Alumina refinery Odisha+ Hindalco-Novelis 2007 $6B+ Novelis-Aleris-2020 $2.8B+ Novelis-Bay Minette AL-2024 $4.1B rolling-plant largest-US-investment+ Novelis-Guthrie KY+ Novelis-Terre Haute IN+ Novelis-Ulsan Korea+ Novelis-Pinda Brazil+ Novelis-Sierre Switzerland+ Novelis-Nachterstedt Germany+ Novelis-IPO postponed 2024-2025 cautionary. AI-primary-aluminum+inert-anode startups: Elysis Alma Quebec Alcoa+Rio Tinto+Apple+Government-of-Canada+Government-of-Quebec $558M-2018+ Elysis-Alma 450kA-2024 first-industrial-scale-world-inert-anode Hall-Héroult replacement+ Elysis Technology Package+ Elysis-CBIP Constellium Bienville Innovation Park+ Elysis-Alcoa-Deschambault+Rio Tinto-Arvida-Alma-Grande-Baie+ Elysis-Nucor 2024-first-North-American-steel-adjacent-license, HalZero-Norsk Hydro Karmøy 2023-hydrogen-chloride-first-in-plant Elysis-competitor 2030-industrial cautionary+ Boston Metal Molten-Oxide-Electrolysis MOE $370M+ Bill Gates BEV+Piva Capital+Prelude Ventures+ArcelorMittal+Chevron+SiteGround+ Vale-2022+Boston Metal-Woburn MA+ Boston Metal-Vale Brazil niobium+iron-2023+ Boston Metal-BEV-Chevron-ArcelorMittal 2022-2024 iron-first+aluminum-adjacent-secondary+ ESAB $1B Boston Metal precedent, Rio Tinto BlueSmelting Alma 2023+ ELYSIS Sherbrooke QC+ EGA HalZero-Karmøy+ Alcoa Refinery-of-the-Future-2024, Constellium $CSTM-Airbus-Boeing largest+ Constellium-Muscle Shoals AL+ Constellium-Ravenswood WV+ Constellium-Sierre Switzerland+ Constellium-Neuf-Brisach France+ Constellium-Nuevo Sierre 2024-Airbus A350-2024+ Constellium-Bienville Innovation Park Ravenswood, Kaiser Aluminum $KALU-2020-Warrick Rolling+ Kaiser Aluminum-Trentwood WA+ Kaiser Aluminum-Sherman TX+ Kaiser Aluminum-Newark OH+ Kaiser Aluminum-Kalamazoo MI+ Arconic $ARNC Apollo Global 2023 $5.2B take-private+ Arconic Davenport IA+ Arconic-Alcoa 2020-carveout+ Arconic-Howmet 2020-Arconic Corporation split, Aluminium Association+ International Aluminium Institute IAI+ IAI Scope 1+2+3 GHG Protocol IAI Life-Cycle-Inventory+ Aluminum Stewardship Initiative ASI Performance Standard+ Chain of Custody+ MDA-Metal Bulletin LME+SHFE+CME contracts. (b) copper + concentrator + SX-EW Solvent Extraction Electrowinning + leaching-AI + AI-flotation + AI-froth-optimization (Freeport-McMoRan $FCX Grasberg Indonesia-block-cave+ Freeport-Morenci AZ+Sierrita AZ+Bagdad AZ+Cerro Verde Peru+ El Abra Chile+ Freeport-El Paso Refining+ Freeport-Cerro Verde Sulfuric Acid Plant+ Freeport-Kansanshi Zambia+ Freeport Nevada Gold Mines-Barrick JV+ Freeport-Point Fortin Trinidad+ Freeport-Miami AZ+ Freeport-Bagdad expansion 2024 concentrator+ Freeport-Rio Tinto Resolution Arizona partnership+ Freeport-Chino NM+Cobre Panama Panama First-Quantum-2023-shutdown-Panama Supreme-Court-cautionary+ Freeport-fluor bioleaching-innovation Bagdad+ Freeport-Chevron Bioleaching-partnership 2024, BHP $BHP BHP Group+ BHP-Escondida Chile largest-copper-mine world 5% global+BHP+Rio Tinto-JV+ BHP-Pampa Norte+ BHP-Spence+ BHP-Olympic Dam SA copper-uranium-gold+ BHP-Nickel West WA 2024 Kambalda+Kalgoorlie+Kwinana+Mt Keith closed-2024-cautionary+ BHP-Ravensthorpe divested 2020+ BHP-Petrohue Chile+ BHP-Filo Corporation-2024 Argentina+ BHP-Wyloo Metals Mincor 2023+ BHP-OZ Minerals-2023 $6.4B+ BHP-Anglo American-2024-May-Rejected-$49B+2nd-Rejected-June cautionary+ BHP-South Flank+Jimblebar iron ore+ BHP-Vicuña Corp Filo del Sol+Josemaria Argentina-2024-partnership-Lundin+ BHP-Resolution AZ Rio Tinto JV, Codelco Corporación Nacional del Cobre Chile State-Owned+ Codelco-Chuquicamata largest-open-pit+El Teniente+Andina+Salvador+Radomiro Tomic+Ventanas smelter-2022-shutdown cautionary+ Codelco-Chuqui-Underground Transition 2019+ Codelco-Cobre Panama Panama 2023-closed cautionary+ Codelco-Anglo American 2024-Los Bronces JV+ Codelco-BHP Nueva Union Andina divested+ Codelco-Copper Mark accredited+ Codelco-CEO Rubén Alvarado 2024+ Codelco-Chile State-Guaranteed-2024 refinancing $2B+ Codelco-Freeport SXEW Cerro Verde+ Codelco-2024 Q3 lowest-copper-production 25-years cautionary+ Codelco-2024-Salar-de-Maricunga SQM 51%+, Anglo American $AAL.L Anglo American plc+ Anglo-Los Bronces Chile+Collahuasi 44%-Glencore-Mitsui JV+El Soldado+Chagres smelter-shutdown 2023+ Anglo-Quellaveco Peru-2022+ Anglo-Woodsmith UK polyhalite+ Anglo-Debswana Diamonds-Botswana 15%-De Beers-2024-restructuring+ Anglo-BHP May-June 2024-Rejected-$49B+2nd-Rejected cautionary+ Anglo-2024-restructuring-plan-May 2024 De Beers-diamonds-divest+Nickel Australia Anglo Ridge+ Anglo-Steelmaking Coal Australia-Peabody 2024 $3.775B divested+ Anglo-2024 Q3 restructuring+ Anglo-Sirius Woodsmith-2020+ Anglo-First Mode Hydrogen-Truck 2024+ Anglo-Amplats Anglo American Platinum-2024 spin-off cautionary+ Anglo-Kumba Iron Ore SA+ Anglo-Copper Only+, Glencore $GLEN.L Glencore plc+Ivan Glasenberg-2021+Gary Nagle+ Glencore-Antamina Peru 33.75%-BHP-Teck-Mitsubishi+Collahuasi 44%-Anglo-Mitsui+ Glencore-Katanga DRC copper-cobalt+Mutanda DRC 2019-2021-closed-restart+Sudbury Ontario nickel+Xstrata 2013+ Glencore-Sherwin Alumina Texas 2016-closed cautionary+ Glencore-Cerro Verde-Freeport-Sumitomo+ Glencore-Volcan Zinc Peru+ Glencore-Kazzinc Zinc Kazakhstan+ Glencore-Portovesme Italy zinc-lead-2024-closed cautionary+ Glencore-Nyrstar zinc-2019-restructuring+ Glencore-Viterra Ag-2023 Bunge-2024-June $8.2B merger closed cautionary+ Glencore-Elk Valley Resources EVR Teck Metallurgical Coal 2024-July $6.9B+77% acquired+ Glencore-Copper Mark accredited+ Glencore-Copper-2024 Century-Aluminum-supply, Antofagasta $ANTO.L Antofagasta plc-Andrónico Luksic+ Antofagasta-Los Pelambres largest-Chile-fresh-water-desalination-plant 2024+ Antofagasta-Centinela+Antucoya+Zaldívar 50%-Barrick JV+ Antofagasta-Twin Metals Minnesota+ Antofagasta-Buenaventura-Peru cautionary+ Antofagasta-Reko Diq Pakistan-2024-Barrick 50% $6B, Southern Copper $SCCO Grupo Mexico+ Southern Copper-Toquepala Peru+Cuajone Peru+Buenavista Mexico+La Caridad Mexico+ Southern Copper-Tia Maria Peru-community-blocked+ Southern Copper-Michiquillay Peru+El Arco Mexico+ Southern Copper-El Pilar+El Chorro+, Teck Resources $TECK Teck Resources Vancouver+ Teck-Highland Valley Copper BC+Antamina Peru 22.5%+Quebrada Blanca 2 Chile QB2-2023 first-copper+ Teck-Red Dog Alaska zinc-lead-largest+ Teck-Elk Valley Resources EVR Glencore-2024 $6.9B Metallurgical Coal divested $8.6B enterprise+ Teck-Trail Operations lead-zinc BC+ Teck-Cardinal River-Alberta coking-coal 2020-closed-Fording River+ Teck-Fort Hills-Suncor 2022-divested+ Teck-Zafranal Peru+ Teck-Copper-only pivot 2024-2025, First Quantum Minerals $FM.TO Toronto+ First Quantum-Cobre Panama-2023-October Supreme Court-shutdown $10B liability-cautionary+ First Quantum-Kansanshi Zambia+ First Quantum-Sentinel Zambia+ First Quantum-Ravensthorpe Nickel WA 2024-March-care-and-maintenance cautionary+ First Quantum-Guelb Moghrein Mauritania+ First Quantum-Enterprise Zambia+ First Quantum-Las Cruces Spain 2021-Refinery-Ch-11-cautionary+ First Quantum-Kevitsa Finland-2016-divested-Boliden+ First Quantum-Cayeli Turkey-2021-divested-Turkish Petroleum+ First Quantum-Jiangxi Copper Chinese-JV 2024-May+China Molybdenum CMOC 2024 stakes cautionary, Ivanhoe Mines $IVN.TO+ Ivanhoe-Kamoa-Kakula DRC Robert Friedland+ Ivanhoe-Zijin Mining-JV 39.6%+ Ivanhoe-Platreef South Africa-PGM+ Ivanhoe-Kipushi Zambia zinc restart 2024+ Ivanhoe-Western Foreland DRC exploration, Zijin Mining $2899.HK China largest-copper+gold-Chinese-major+ Zijin-Kamoa-Kakula DRC 39.6%+ Zijin-Serbia Zijin Serbia-Timok+Cukaru Peki+Bor Copper-RTB Bor-Serbia acquired 2018+ Zijin-Kazakhstan Kalmakyr+ Zijin-Peru La Arena-2021+ Zijin-Colombia Buriticá gold+ Zijin-DRC Kolwezi+ Zijin-Australia Norton Gold Fields+ Zijin-Newcrest Cadia offer-2022-rejected, MMG Minerals and Metals Group $1208.HK-China Minmetals+ MMG-Las Bambas Peru-largest copper+community-blockade 2022-2024 cautionary+ MMG-Kinsevere DRC copper-cobalt+Rosebery Tasmania zinc+ MMG-Dugald River zinc QLD+ MMG-Century Zinc QLD 2016-closed+ MMG-Sepon Laos gold-copper 2018-divested-cautionary+ MMG-Cuprous Capital 2023, Grupo Mexico $GMEXICOB.MX-Southern Copper+ Grupo Mexico-ASARCO-2005-Ch-11-2009-emerged-Grupo-Mexico-2010+ Grupo Mexico-Ferromex railway+ Grupo Mexico-El Boleo Baja California+ Grupo Mexico-San Martín Mexico closed-1990-remain+, KGHM Polska Miedz $KGH.WA-Poland State-Owned copper-silver Sierosowice+Lubin+Polkowice+Głogów smelter+ KGHM-Sierra Gorda Chile SCM Minera Cordillera-South32-JV+ KGHM-Robinson Nevada+ KGHM-Franke Chile+ KGHM-Sudbury Ontario McCreedy 2020-shutdown cautionary+ KGHM-Legnica smelter+ KGHM-CBK Congo Angola shelved, Aurubis $NDA.DE Hamburg Germany largest-European-copper-smelter+ Aurubis-Bulgaria Pirdop+Aurubis Belgium+Aurubis Netherlands+Aurubis Lünen+Aurubis Rönnskär Boliden-partnership+ Aurubis Beerse Belgium+ Aurubis Richmond VA 2023-2024 largest-US-multi-metal-recycling first-North-America 100kt+ Aurubis-2024 Hamburg-precious-metals-theft-scandal $185M cautionary+ Aurubis-Nortec 2023, Wieland Group Germany-privately-held largest-European-copper-fabricator+ Wieland-Farmer Copper 2023+ Wieland-Wolverine Tube 2016+ Wieland-Global Brass and Copper 2019+ Wieland-Randolph MA+ Wieland-Pine Bluff AR+ Wieland-East Alton IL. AI-copper+concentrator startups: KoBold Metals-Silicon Valley $537M+ Andreessen Horowitz+Bill Gates BEV+Bezos Expeditions+T. Rowe Price+ Sam Altman+Ray Dalio+ KoBold-Zambia Mingomba discovery 2024 largest-30-years+ KoBold-BHP-DRC exploration+ KoBold-Rio Tinto Winu Australia+ KoBold-Chinook Metals+ KoBold-BHP Xplor-2023, Fleet Space Technologies Adelaide $150M Series D-Blackbird+Grok Ventures+Teachers Investment+ Fleet Space-Rio Tinto+BHP+Anglo+Barrick+Newcrest+Northern Star+Alpha HPA+ Fleet Space-Centauri satellite constellation+ Fleet Space-ExoSphere Multi-Physics Exploration, Ideon Technologies Vancouver $16M Series A-Playground Global+ Cenovus+Prelude+ Ideon-Rio Tinto+BHP+Vale+Ivanhoe muon-tomography, Descartes Labs-EarthDaily-Descartes Labs 2023 acquisition+ Descartes Labs Peru+Chile+DRC+Zambia mineral-exploration+ Descartes Labs-Mineral Discovery Platform, Minesense Technologies Vancouver $63M Series B-Prelude Ventures+ Chrysalix+ Caterpillar Ventures+Newmont+Waratah+ Minesense-Copper+Iron+Zinc XRF-based sensor-sorting-Teck-Highland Valley+Newmont+Anglo American+ Minesense-Copper Mountain Hudbay Constancia Peru+Boliden Aitik Sweden+Kevitsa Finland+, Novamera Newfoundland Sustainable-Mining Surgical-Extraction $16M-2024 BDC+FastForward+ Trigger Mining Chile+, HYDROXHOLE+ Cognitive Mining+ MineRP-Sandvik 2022+ Sandvik AutoMine+DSi-Sandvik 2024+ Epiroc-Rock Reinforcement+RCT+FVT+ Epiroc-JTC Industries 2024+ Epiroc-STANLEY-Infrastructure 2023+ Epiroc-Meglab 2022+ Epiroc-CRC PIB 2020+ Epiroc-Radlink 2020+ Epiroc-New Concept Mining 2019+ Caterpillar Mining Command+MineStar+ Caterpillar-Weir Group ESCO 2018+ Caterpillar-Marble Cliff Capital+ Cat Autonomous Haulage System AHS+ Komatsu FrontRunner AHS+Modular Mining Systems-Komatsu 1996+DISPATCH+ Komatsu-JOY Global 2017 $3.7B+ Hexagon Mining Nordic ID-2023+ Hexagon-Mining Software+Split Engineering+Xact Technology+Mine Sight+HxGN Smart Mine+ Hexagon-Digital Reality Solutions+ Hexagon-Autonomy Solutions+ Hexagon-Divergent 3D+ Hexagon-Sixense-Vinci 2023, ORICA $ORI.AX Australia largest-explosives+BLASTIQ+SHOTPlus+i-kon+GroundProbe 2019+Terra Insights 2023+Cyfrbezpieczeństwo 2024+ ORICA-2024 Q1-Global-Cyberattack cautionary+ ORICA-Insurgents 2024+ ORICA-Nelson Brothers 2024 US-Explosives+ ORICA-Axis Mining Technology 2024, Dyno Nobel-Incitec Pivot $IPL.AX+ Dyno Nobel-Louisiana-Waggaman Ammonium-nitrate+ Dyno Nobel-Wolf Lake Illinois+ Dyno Nobel-Battle Mountain Nevada, ENAEX $ENAEX.SN Chile explosives+ Sandvik $SAND.ST+ Epiroc $EPI-A.ST 2018-spin-off+ Epiroc-Concord Cooperation+ Epiroc-Voxeljet+ Metso $METSO.HE Metso Outotec+ FLSmidth $FLS.CO Denmark. (c) nickel + cobalt + HPAL High-Pressure-Acid-Leach + MHP Mixed-Hydroxide-Precipitate + Refining + battery-metals (Nornickel Norilsk Nickel MMC Norilsk Nickel $NILSY largest-Class-1-nickel+palladium world-Vladimir Potanin+ Nornickel-Norilsk Siberia+Kola Peninsula+Harjavalta Finland+ Nornickel-Talnakh+ Nornickel-Sudbury 2018-divested+ Nornickel-BASF-Harjavalta 2022 divested cautionary+ Nornickel-Bystrinsky-2019-copper-gold+ Nornickel-Nadezhda+Copper Plant+ Nornickel-Kola MMC+ Nornickel-Sanctions OFAC-2024 April-2024-UK+US+ Nornickel-Global Palladium Fund 2024+ Nornickel-2024 Q3 Kola-Peninsula-shutdown 2027 cautionary+ Nornickel-Copper Plant Norilsk shutdown 2027 cautionary+ Nornickel-Yandex-China Battery-Grade Nickel-Plant Bayan Obo cautionary+ Nornickel-Sila renewables partnership, Vale $VALE Vale S.A. Rio de Janeiro+ Vale Base Metals-Manara Minerals Saudi Arabia 2024-January $2.5B 10% stake+ Vale-Voisey's Bay Newfoundland+ Vale-Long Harbour hydrometallurgical+Sudbury Ontario+Thompson Manitoba+ Vale-Onça Puma Brazil+ Vale-Nikkelverk Norway PGM-refining+ Vale-Indonesia PT Vale Indonesia INCO+ Vale-VNC New Caledonia Prony Resources-2021-divested-Trafigura+Prony NC cautionary+ Vale-Reid Brook shut-down 2020+ Vale-Voisey's Bay Underground 2021-2024 delayed+ Vale Base Metals VBM 2023-spin-off-preparation+ Vale-Ma'aden 2024-Manara Minerals JV+ Vale-Anglo American Nickel Brazil 2024-purchase-decision+ Vale-Brazil-Brumadinho January 2019-tailings-dam-disaster 270-fatalities $7B+ cautionary+ Vale-Samarco 2015-Mariana tailings-BHP-JV cautionary, IGO Limited $IGO.AX Nova operation Kambalda-Kambalda+Cosmos WA nickel-2023-scaled-back cautionary+ IGO-Greenbushes Talison Lithium+Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide+ IGO-Tianqi Lithium-2021 IGO-Tianqi Kwinana-Lithium-Hydroxide-Refinery+ IGO-Western Areas 2022 $1.1B nickel+ IGO-Silver Knight+Odysseus 2024 Cosmos-write-down cautionary, Sumitomo Metal Mining $SMMYY Ambatovy Madagascar nickel-cobalt HPAL+ Sumitomo-Coral Bay Philippines+Taganito Philippines HPAL+ Sumitomo-Cerro Verde Peru 20%+ Sumitomo-Sierra Gorda Chile 45%+ Sumitomo-Morenci AZ 12%+ Sumitomo-Northparkes NSW+ Sumitomo-Battery-Grade Nickel Sulfate+ Sumitomo-Panasonic-Toyota Prime Planet+ Sumitomo-Metal Mining-Nickel West-Sumitomo-JV cautionary, Nickel Industries $NIC.AX Indonesia Hengjaya Sulawesi RKEF+ANI+HNI+ONI-JV Tsingshan+ Nickel Industries-Ceria Nusantara-2024-conversion RKEF-to-HPAL+ Nickel Industries-Sampala-2024 pilot+ Nickel Industries-Solway Investment 2023, Wyloo Metals Andrew Forrest-Fortescue Twiggy-Metals Acquisition Corporation+ Wyloo-Mincor Resources 2023 $760M+ Wyloo-Kambalda Nickel+ Wyloo-Ring of Fire Ontario Eagle's Nest+ Wyloo-2024 January-Kambalda Nickel-suspend cautionary Kwinana+BHP-Nickel-West+, First Mode-Anglo American 2024-May-Anglo divested-First Mode-Hydrogen-Truck 2024-scaled-back cautionary+ First Mode-Nuvera Hyzon-2024-restructure. Startup-battle: Alpha HPA $A4N.AX+Fortescue+Rio Tinto+ Alpha HPA Gladstone High-Purity-Alumina 4N+ Sila Nanotechnologies $650M-2024 Sutter Hill+Coatue+Bessemer+8VC+Sila-Group14 Technologies+ Group14 Group14 Technologies $600M-2024 Porsche+SK+CATL silicon-anode+ Nanograf Chicago-Argonne+ Nexeon Oxford+ OneD Battery Sciences+ Zeta Energy+ Redwood Materials $2B-2024 Goldman+Fidelity+T. Rowe+Ontario Teachers'-JB Straubel-Tesla-founder+ Redwood-Nevada+South Carolina 2024 largest-battery-recycling-cathode+ Redwood-Ultium Cells GM+Toyota+Panasonic+ Redwood-Nissan-2024+ Ascend Elements $704M SK+Just Climate+SK+TDK+Temasek+ Ascend Elements-Hopkinsville KY 2024-cathode-precursor pCAM+ Ascend Elements-EGGB $480M grant 2022+ Li-Cycle $LICY-Ch-11 November 2024-Rochester-Hub-suspended-cautionary Glencore-Rio Tinto+ Aqua Metals $AQMS lead-acid+ Retriev Technologies+ Cirba Solutions+ Northvolt Revolt Ett Skellefteå Sweden-Ch-11 November-2024-Cautionary+ Battery-First-Nations-2024-Ontario+, MP Materials $MP Mountain Pass CA rare-earth largest-outside-China+ MP Materials-Fort Worth TX magnet-plant-2024+ MP Materials-JHL Capital+GM-2021+ MP Materials-Sumitomo 2024+ USA Rare Earth+ Lynas Rare Earths $LYC.AX Kalgoorlie WA+Malaysia+Texas+ Lynas-Blue Line Corp Texas 2020-partnership+ Lynas-Iluka Resources 2024 Eneabba Australia-DoD-2024+ ReElement Technologies-American Resources 2024-Kentucky Rare-Earth Separation, Iluka Resources $ILU.AX Eneabba Rare-Earth-DoD-Australia 2024+ Iluka-Eneabba-2024 Rare-Earth-Refinery+ Iluka-Sierra Rutile Sierra Leone divested 2021+ Iluka-Balranald NSW pilot+, Arafura Rare Earths $ARU.AX Australia Nolans NT-DoE-2024-partial+ Arafura-Nolans-Hyundai-Kia+ Arafura-EDF+ Arafura-Traxys+ Neo Performance Materials $NEO.TO Canada+ Neo-Silmet Estonia+Neo-Sillamäe Estonia+ Neo-Zibo China-2024 divested+ Solvay $SOLB.BR La Rochelle rare-earth 2024-revitalized separation+ Peak Rare Earths+Ionic Rare Earths+ Rainbow Rare Earths+ Vital Metals+ Hastings Technology Metals+ Aclara Resources-Chile+ Serra Verde Brazil+ Energy Fuels $UUUU White Mesa Utah rare-earth+uranium 2024+ Energy Fuels-Base Resources 2024 Toliara Madagascar Kwale Kenya. (d) zinc + lead + tin + recycling + scrap-AI (Nyrstar Trafigura+ Nyrstar Port Pirie SA lead-smelter+Auby France zinc+Balen Belgium zinc-Ch-11-2019+Budel Netherlands zinc+Clarksville TN zinc+Genk Belgium zinc+Hobart TAS zinc+Middelburg-Netherlands zinc-2024-closed cautionary+ Nyrstar restructuring 2019-Trafigura 98% cautionary+ Nyrstar-2024 Q3 Auby+Budel curtailed+ Boliden $BOL.ST Boliden Aitik Sweden largest-Nordic copper+Boliden Kokkola zinc Finland+Boliden Odda Norway zinc+Boliden Bergsöe Sweden lead+Boliden Kevitsa Finland copper-nickel+Boliden Tara Ireland zinc 2024-June-suspended largest-EU-zinc cautionary+ Boliden Rönnskär Sweden copper-July 2020-fire+2024-March-return-copper-smelter+ Boliden Harjavalta Finland copper+Boliden Odda-2024 expansion+ Boliden Copper Mark+ ASI Aluminum Stewardship-adjacent, Korea Zinc $010130.KS+ Korea Zinc-MBK Partners-Bain-2024 hostile-takeover-Choi-family cautionary+ Korea Zinc-Onsan Refinery+ Korea Zinc-Sun Metals Townsville QLD+ Korea Zinc-Trojan Mining Kazakhstan+ Korea Zinc-Igneo Technologies e-scrap 2024+ Korea Zinc-Ares Ecobat 2023, Teck Trail Operations BC lead-zinc-electrolytic+ Teck Trail-Fernie BC 2020-closed+ Vedanta Hindustan Zinc HZL largest-India zinc-lead-silver-Rampura Agucha Rajasthan+ Metaline-Sinatex-Umicore-Aurubis Beerse Belgium copper-Ni-Co+ Umicore $UMI.BR Belgium-Refining+battery cathode+2024-Q3-battery cathode restructuring cautionary+ Umicore-BASF-Wolfsburg 2024-February Battery Materials-JV cancelled cautionary+ Umicore-Rechargeable Battery Materials RBM+Precious Metals Refining Hoboken+ Umicore-Nyrstar-Recycling Refining Antwerp+ Umicore-Loyalist 2024-Ontario Canada plant-scrapped cautionary+ Umicore-BeCharge+ Umicore-Cofermin Chemicals 2023. Startup-recycling+scrap-AI: Redwood Materials $2B-2024+ Ascend Elements $704M+ Cirba Solutions+ Northvolt Revolt Ett Sweden-Ch-11 November-2024 cautionary+ Li-Cycle $LICY-Ch-11 November-2024 cautionary+ Aqua Metals $AQMS lead-acid+ Retriev Technologies+ BASF Schwarzheide-Battery-recycling 2024+ BASF-Prayon Belgium+ Ecobat Solutions Bain Capital 2020+ Ares 2023+ Igneo Technologies-Sungei Kadut+Bacau+ Attero Recycling India, Sortera Technologies USA Aluminum-Scrap-AI $50M-2024 series Breakthrough Energy Ventures+Chrysalix Venture Capital+ Sortera-Novelis+Nissan+GM+Ford+ Sortera-Fort Wayne IN+ Sortera-Denver CO+ Sortera-Sensor-based-Sorting XRF-LIBS+ Sortera-2024-DoE-$36M+ Continental Recycling-USA+ Constellium End-of-Life Aluminum-Wheel-2024, EMR European Metal Recycling largest-independent-UK+ Sims Metal Management $SGM.AX Aluminum+ Sims-Alutrade+ Sims-LA Fitness NYC cyber-2020+ Cronimet Ferroleg+ Aurubis Multi-Metal Recycling Richmond VA 2023-2024 largest-N-America first-100kt+ Aurubis Beerse Belgium+ Wieland Randolph MA+ Bekaert BEKO+ Boliden Bergsöe+ CBMM Brazil niobium+ TSX Aluminium Trader+ Molten Alliance-Real Alloy 2023-Ch-11 cautionary+ Real Alloy Grantsville UT Ch-11-2019-Aleris-2019-cautionary+ Aleris-Novelis-2020 $2.8B+ Constellium-Bienville+ Kaiser-Warrick+ Arconic-Davenport+ Novelis-Bay Minette AL $4.1B 2024-largest-US+ Novelis-Guthrie KY+ Novelis-Terre Haute IN+ Novelis-Ulsan Korea+ Novelis-Pinda Brazil+ Novelis-Sierre Switzerland+ Novelis-Nachterstedt Germany+ Alba Aluminium Bahrain+ Ma'aden Saudi Arabia-Alcoa JV 2011+ Emirates Global Aluminium EGA-Alcoa 2011-Ma'aden JV. Regulatory+funding+ ASI+ Copper Mark+ IRMA+ EU CBAM+ IRA+ CRMA+ EDA+ CHIPS+ discipline: US Inflation Reduction Act IRA 2022-Section 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit-2023 CFR-final-Battery-Cell+Module+Cathode+Anode+Electrode+Battery-Component+Applicable-Critical-Mineral $35+$10-per-Kg-Aluminum+$25M-per-Cathode+$3.375-M-per-kWh-Battery+ US IRA-Section 30D EV Credit-$7,500+ US IRA-Section 45V H2 credit-industrial application+ US DOE Loan Programs Office LPO $400B+ US Bipartisan Infrastructure Law BIL 2021 $62B-DoE+ US DOE Industrial Demonstrations Program IDP $6B March-2024-largest 33 Advanced Industrial Projects Rio Tinto+Alcoa+Constellium-Bienville+Century Aluminum-KY-DoE-$500M new-smelter-45-years-first cautionary+ US DoD Defense Production Act DPA Title III 2024 Ford Ottawa-nickel+MP Materials+Lynas-Texas+Perpetua Resources antimony+Talon Metals nickel Michigan+Global Ni Sulfate LiFe Battery+ US Critical Materials Assessment 2022+2024+ US Executive Order 13817 Critical Minerals 2017-2024 update+ US Defense Logistics Agency Strategic Stockpile Ni-Co-Mn+ US EXIM Bank-Bank Alcorp-Guyana+ US EXIM Bank-Boliden Copper Mark+ US Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries FCAB 2021+ US DoE Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office AMMTO+ US DoE Industrial Efficiency Decarbonization Office IEDO 2024+ US DoE Hydrogen Hubs $7B+ US IRA 48C-Advanced Energy Project Credit+ US IRA 40B-Sustainable Aviation Fuel+ US IRA 45U-Zero-Emission Nuclear Power Production+ US CHIPS and Science Act 2022 $52.7B adjacent-critical-material-supply-chain+ US State Department Minerals Security Partnership MSP 2022-14-country+ EU. EU Critical Raw Materials Act CRMA March-2024 in-force+ EU Net-Zero Industry Act NZIA March-2024+ EU Battery Regulation-2023+ EU CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism October-2023-Transition+2026-Definitive Cement+Steel+Aluminium+Fertilizer+H2+Electricity+ EU CBAM-Aluminium in-scope October-2023+ EU Emissions Trading System ETS Phase 4 2021-2030+ EU Fit-for-55+ EU Green Deal+ EU Innovation Fund €10B-2020-2030 Innovation-Fund-11-projects €4.8B March-2024 largest+ EU Sovereign Semiconductor+ EU IPCEI Batteries+H2+ EU Just Transition Fund €17.5B 2021-2027+ EU Modernisation Fund+ EU Recovery and Resilience Facility RRF+ EU CSRD January-2024+ EU CSDDD July-2024 corporate-sustainability-due-diligence+ EU ESRS+ EU Digital Product Passport DPP 2027-2030+ EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation ESPR July-2024+ EU AI Act August-2024+ EU Cyber Resilience Act+ EU NIS-2 October-2024+ EU Deforestation Regulation EUDR December-2025-delayed+ EU Battery Regulation Article 8+ EU End-of-Life Vehicle ELV Directive Recast+ Basel Convention Ban Amendment 1995-2019-in-force+ Rotterdam Convention+ Stockholm Convention+ Minamata Convention Mercury 2013-2017+ Kigali Amendment HFC 2016+ Montreal Protocol ODS+ CRMA Strategic Projects March-2024 designated+. Standards: Aluminium Stewardship Initiative ASI Performance Standard+Chain of Custody+ Copper Mark 2020+ IRMA Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance+ ICMM International Council on Mining and Metals+ MAC-Towards Sustainable Mining+ RJC Responsible Jewellery Council+ SBTi Science-Based Targets Initiative-Steel+Aluminium+Cement+Chemicals+ SBTi FLAG+ TNFD Task-force Nature-Related Financial Disclosures+ TCFD Task-Force Climate-related Financial Disclosures+ ISO 14001+45001+50001+ ISO 14040+14044 LCA Life-Cycle Assessment+ Global Battery Alliance GBA Battery Passport 2024+ IEC 61375+ IEEE+ IEC 62973 stationary-battery+ First Movers Coalition Aluminium+Steel+Cement+Chemicals discipline called out.
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