How vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture startups raise capital after the AeroFarms/Bowery/Fifth Season reset — unit economics.
Vertical farming had a brutal 2022-2024. AeroFarms filed Chapter 11, Bowery shut down, Fifth Season and AppHarvest wound down. Capital returned in 2025 only for teams with retailer-committed offtake and energy costs under $0.06/kWh. Everyone else is uninvestable.
The winnowing removed 30+ competitors. Survivors (Plenty, Oishii, 80 Acres, Infarm 2.0, GoodLeaf, Nordic Harvest) proved specific crops work. UAE and Saudi food-security capital reopened the funding market at 2020 valuations.
Seed: $3-8M for R&D and 1-container pilot. Series A: $15-40M for demo farm. Series B: $80-200M for first commercial facility. Series C+: $300M+ mostly project debt and sovereign co-invest. Dilution to commercial: 55-75%.
Lettuce mono-crop. Scaling to 2-3 facilities before unit economics prove out. Ignoring energy siting. Raising equity for capex that project debt or REITs would fund cheaper.
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